泰祺教育

寫作部分 避免犯語法錯誤

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泰祺集團 2015年01月26日 1662

第(一)章 搞定時態(tài)
Verb Tense
 
Verb Tense Overview with Examples一張表搞定英語國家最常用時態(tài)
Simple Past
一般過去
Simple Present
一般現(xiàn)在
Simple Future
一般將來
Two years ago, I studied English in America
I study English everyday.
If you are having problems, I will help you study English.
 
I’m going to study English next year.
Past Continuous
過去進(jìn)行
Present Continuous
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行
Future Continuous
將來進(jìn)行
I was studying English when
you called yeaterday.
I am studying English now.
I will be studying english when you arrive tonight.
 
I’m going to be studying English when you arrive tonight.
Past Perfect
過去完成
Present Perfect
現(xiàn)在完成
Future Perfect
將來完成
I had studied a little English before I moved to the U.S.
I have studied English in several different countries.
I will have studied every tense by the time I finish this course.
 
I’m going to have studied every tense by the time I finish this course.
Past Perfect Continuous過去完成進(jìn)行
Present Perfect Continuous 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行
Future Perfect Continuous將來完成進(jìn)行
I had been studying English for ten years before I moved to the U.S.
I have been studying English for ten years.
I will have been studying English for over three hours by the time you arrive.
 
I’m going to have been studying English for over three hours by the time you arrive.
 
對于許多同學(xué)來說，以下幾種時態(tài)可能比較陌生，是難點
一．現(xiàn)在完成時：have / has + 過去分詞
1．表示過去所發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等表時間的副詞搭配使用。
● He hasn't seen her lately. 
● I haven't finished the book yet.
2．表示一個從過去某個時間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動作，常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：so far（迄今為止），up till now（直到現(xiàn)在），since, for a long time（很長時間），up to present（直到現(xiàn)在），in the past / in the last few years（在過去的幾年里），these days（目前）…… 
?. He has worked here for 15 years. 
?. I have studied English since I came here.
?. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time. 
?. So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延續(xù)性動詞（即：動作開始便終止的動詞），在現(xiàn)在完成時中不能與表示一段時間狀語搭配。
黃金要點：
I．常見的非延續(xù)動詞：die, arrive（到達(dá)），join（加入），leave（離開），go, refuse（拒 絕），fail（失?。琭inish，buy，marry，divorce（離婚），awake（醒） ，buy，borrow，lend ...（背三遍?。?/div>
II．這類動詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時，而是不能接常由for引導(dǎo)的時間狀語。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
● She has gone away for a month.（誤
● She has been away for a month （正）
● The man has died for two years.（誤）
● The man has been dead for two years.（正）
● How long have youbought the book?（誤）
● How long have you got the book.（正）
4．注意 since的用法：
?. They haven't had any troublesince they came here.
?. It has been ten years since we met last time. 
?. He has been heresince 1980. 
?. He has been heresince ten years ago.
5．幾組對比：
He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 
He has been to Shanghai. 他去過上海。
She has gone. 她已走了。 
She is gone. 她缺席了。（or她死了。）
The door has been closed. 門關(guān)上了。（動作）
The door is closed. 門是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）
測試精編：
1. The prices ________ going up all the time in the past few years. 
A. keep        B. kept          C. have kept          D. are keeping 
2. For the whole period of two months, there ________ no rain in this area. 
A. is           B. will be C. has been           D. have been 
3. Today is Jane's wedding day. She ________ John. 
A. have just married with          B. was just married to 
C. has just been married to         D. just has been married to 
4. No wonder the flower have withered, they ________ any water for ages.
A. hadn't       B. haven't       C. haven't had          D. hadn't had 
5. Nowadays computer ________ a wide application with the development of production and science. 
A. found       B. has found      C. finds D. had found
二．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時：have / has + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞
1．表示從過去某時開始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動作。（最 好將此定義讀 5遍）
?. I've been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come. 
?. He has been running after her for 8 years.（run after: 追求）
2．表某種感情色彩。
?. I've been wanting to see you for so many years. 
?. Who's been telling you such nonsense.
釋惑要點：現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的對比：
現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而完成進(jìn)行時強調(diào)“動作的延續(xù)”。
?. I have thought of it.（我已想到了這一點。）
?. I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點。）
?. Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已將門油漆過了。）
?. Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）
測試精編：
1. They ________ us since five o'clock this morning. 
A. are helping            B. have been helping 
C. have been helped       D. have helped 
2. I ________ the book the whole day, yet I haven't finished it. 
A. have been reading       B. have read 
C. am reading             D. had been reading 
3. Please come in. We ________ about your paper. 
A. talk                   B. had been talking 
C. have been talking        D. would have talked 
4. Such natural resources as coal and petroleum ________. 
A. gradually are exhausted     B. are being gradually exhausted 
C. have gradually exhausting   D. have been exhausting gradually 
5. It ________ almost every day so far this month. 
A. is raining       B. rained        C. rains         D. has been raining
用所給動詞正確時態(tài)填空。
1. You should go to bed. You ________ (watch) TV for 5 hours. 
2. I ________ (write) letters since breakfast. 
3. I ________ (write) 3 letters since breakfast. 
4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith ________ (leave) for Beijing.
5. I ________ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be?
三．過去完成時：had + 過去分詞
1．表示過去某個動作或某個具體時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生、完成的動作。“過去的過去”。 
● They had got everything ready before I came. 
● The play had begunbefore I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．過去完成時常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。（此乃超級重點句型，意為：“一……就”）
● She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. 
● No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
（注意 no sooner 在句首時句型倒裝。）
3．intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（計劃）等動詞的過去完成時用來表示本打算做而沒有做的事。
● I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
（……原想昨天去看你……）
● They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather.
（……原計劃上周舉行一場足球賽……）
測試精編：
1. -Let's hurry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we ________. 
A. already miss him            B. had already missed him 
C. will miss him already         D. have already missed him 
2. Your letter came just as I ________ my office. 
A. was leaving                B. would leave 
C. had left                    D. left 
3. I ________ my keys, I can't remember where I last sawthem. 
A. was losing      B. lost        C. had lost       D. have lost 
4. Nobody knew where the teacher ________. 
A. has gone                   B. would have gone 
C. had gone                   D. would be gone 
5. The sportsmen ________ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest. 
A. have been      B. are 
C. had been       D. were 
四．過去完成進(jìn)行時：had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞
表示過去某個時間之前一直在進(jìn)行的動作。
● She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in. 
比較：
?. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy. 
?. The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
測試精編：
1. It ________ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy. 
A. was raining     B. would be raining     C. had been raining     D. has rained 
2. He told us that he ________ there since 1982. 
A. has been living                     B. had been living 
C. would have lived                    D. was living 
3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and ________ now.
A. is still learning                      B. had been learning
C. was still learning                    D. has been learning 
4. By the end of last week, he ________ in the company for 10 years. 
A. had worked                        B. had been working 
C. will have worked                    D. would have worked 
5. Not until then did people know that he ________ important military information to the enemy for a long time. 
A. sold        B. would sell        C. had sold        D. had been selling
五．將來進(jìn)行時：shall / will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞
1．表示將來某個時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作：
?. What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 
〖比較：〗
?. Tom won't cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（說明意圖）
?. Tom won't be cutting the grass.（無意圖、僅陳述事實）
2．用將來進(jìn)行時詢問別人的計劃、打算比用一般將來時更顯禮貌 。
?. Will you be having supper with us this evening?
3．將來進(jìn)行時表示對即將發(fā)生的動作的推測。
?. She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning. 
?. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
 
 
第二章 搞定英語從句
Subordination
英語從句主要有定語從句，狀語從句和名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）
一．定語從句
1． 定語從句：由關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, that, which; 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 引導(dǎo)。
（下面十個句子請讀 5遍并脫口譯出?。?nbsp;
1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 
2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend. 
3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 
4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 
5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 
6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 
7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time. 
8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 
9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 
10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.
2． 只能用that和who引導(dǎo)的定語從句
A．a(chǎn)ll, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行詞指物時 
B．先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時，后面常跟that而不是which. 
C．先行詞前有 the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等詞修飾時，引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。 
D．當(dāng)先行詞是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody時，后面要用who或whom；
● All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的并非都是金子。
3． as 引導(dǎo)定語從句
as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句有兩種形式：
A．引導(dǎo)限制性語從句。
在此類定語從句中，as常與主語中作為其先行詞的such, the same或as聯(lián)用構(gòu)成，“such... as”，“the same... as”和“as ...as”句型，可代替先行詞。
例如：We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我們希望得到他正在用的那種工具。
B．a(chǎn)s 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，作用與which相同，as作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個主句。
（這是語法考試的一個考點。）
例如：He was a foreigner , as I knew from his accent . 他是個外國人，我從他的口音可以聽出來
［注意區(qū)別］：
as 引導(dǎo)的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不能放在句首。
例如：As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.
據(jù)報道，一個外國代表團將訪問這個城市。
二．狀語從句
超級作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組，全部拿下！
① 原因：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason.... 
② 結(jié)果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result .... 
③ 時間：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays ... 
④ 條件：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc. 
⑤ 讓步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when→ whatever / however / whenever ....
⑥ 目的：in order that, in order to, to, 
⑦ 比較：than, as ... as, by comparison（相比較），by contrast（相對照）....
三．名詞性從句
王牌要點：通常由 that或疑問詞導(dǎo)出。
1. How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.（主語從句） 
2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（賓語從句） 
3. The problem is what we'll do next.（表語從句） 
4. We have no idea that he has come back.（同位語從句）
同位語（Appositive）: 
同位語是英語語法的重點內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個考點，同時，在寫作中正確運用同位語可以使你的句型更加簡潔得體。 
《新概念英語》 第三冊第一課有這樣一個句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. 
（當(dāng)倫敦動物園接到報告說，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時，這些報告并沒有受到重視。） 
在這里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位語從句，它本來應(yīng)該放在 “reports”后面，這里卻被放在了謂語成分 came into London zoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。
I．簡單記憶：同位語從句，就是對某些名詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋的句子。
I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. 
（that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分） 
We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. 
（that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容）
II．聯(lián)想記憶：
能接同位詞從句的名詞有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（謠言），evidence（證據(jù)），conclusion（結(jié)論），suggestion（建議），problem，order，answer，discovery（發(fā) 現(xiàn)）explanation（解釋），principle（原則），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承諾），report（報告），statement（聲明），knowledge（知識），opinion（觀點），likelihood（可能性）
［大聲朗讀三遍，背下即可。］
III．王牌要點：
● 同位語一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which, who, what和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how或 whether 引導(dǎo)。 
There arouse the question whether we could win the game. 
I have no idea how to explain it.
● 一些介詞詞組后面也能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。（非常經(jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級和托福作文，不妨一試?。?nbsp;
on the assumption（在……前提下），
on the ground（由于……原因），
on the condition that（在……條件下），
with the exception（有……例外）
owing to the fact（由于……事實）；
on the understanding（基于……理解）；
The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 
那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。
IV．分隔式同位語從句
為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕，有時同位語從句可以放到句子的末尾，（讀兩遍此定義，然后看倒句：） 
An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter. 
I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie "Titanic".
V. 同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別
簡單記憶：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 that 或 which在句子中用作主語或賓語，而同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that只起連接主句和從句之作用，不用作任何成分。
示例：I've got an answer that A is right. (同位語從句，that 不做成分) 
I've got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定語從句，that做定語從句的主語）
VI．王牌重點：可以充當(dāng)同位語的詞組或短語。
1）名詞短語。（使句型更為簡潔） 
Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an official visit in 1998. 
Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history. 
2）動名詞詞組亦可用作同位語：別忘了加逗號。（使句型更為流暢） 
I'm crazy about the game, playing baseball. 
Going to concert, that sounds a great idea. 
3）不定式短語。（陌生只是掌握的開始） 
The problem what to do next remains unsolved. 
Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie. 
4）形容詞詞組。（有逗號隔開） 
All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally. 
Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opportunity.
VII. 同位語的引導(dǎo)詞。（重要！這是中高級寫作中不可缺少的引導(dǎo)成分）
引導(dǎo)詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系： 
1．namely, that it is, that is to say（也就是說）, in other words（換句話說）, or, for short 表示等同關(guān)系。 
2．such as, say, so to speak（譬如說）, including（包括）, for instance（或 for example (e.g. / eg），表示舉例和列舉關(guān)系。 
3．especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly表示突出重點，（在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部分為更重要或更突出的部分，是出題的關(guān)鍵點。）
測試精編
I. 選擇正確選項：
1. ________ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists. 
A. Nearly                             B. That nearly 
C. It is nearly                          D. When nearly 
2. The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware ________ she had gone. 
A. where that                          B. of where 
C. of the place where                    D. the place 
3. — Susan hasn't written us for a long time. — What do you suppose________ to her? 
A. that happened                        B. happened 
C. to happen                           D. having happened 
4. — May I have the loan? ________ you offer good security. 
A. But          B. Unless         C. Provided          D. But for 
5. Gorillas are quiet animals, ________ they are able to make about twenty different sounds. 
A. how         B. in spite of         C. because of          D. even though 
6. The little White House in warm springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin-D. Roosevelt _______there on April 12, 1945. 
A. who died        B. died        C. while died        D. he died 
7. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of ________ reality. 
A. what it is conceived                   B. that is conceived 
C. what is conceived to be                D. that is being conceived of 
8. Seeds usually germinate ________ the temperature is favorable. 
A. if          B. whereas          C. as a result          D. in consequences 
9. Francis Preston Blair. Jr, ________ born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri. 
A. was        B. he was           C. although           D. who he was
 
第三章 搞定虛擬語氣
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
虛擬語氣用來表達(dá)不可能或難以實現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實相反的假設(shè)，通常分為基本的三種形式。
1. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬：
If + did / were + ..., ... would 
should
could          + do （動詞原形） 
might 
If I were you, I would go abroad at once. (I am not you.) 
If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesn't know it now.)
2. 與過去事實相反的虛擬：
If + had done + ..., ... would (might) have done ... 
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you.
 (I didn't know your telephone number.) 
If you had come here a little earlier just now, you might have met her.
 (You didn't come here earlier.)
3. 與將來事實相反的虛擬：
(1) If + should + v., ... would + v. 
（可能性很小）（譯作“萬一”）
If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home. 
If I should fail, what should Ido?
(2) If + did / were to + v ..., would + v.
 （完全不可能） 
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money. 
If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.
4. 金牌特殊重點：！！ 
［簡單聯(lián)想記憶］： 
● 下列動詞后的“賓語從句”中需要用虛擬形式，即should + 動詞原形，should在美國英語中要省略。此類常見的動詞有：order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest（建議）insist（堅決要求），advise, etc. 
例句：He suggested that we (should) help them with English. 
The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.
● 下列名詞后的同位語從句中要用“should + 動詞原形”（should可省去）的虛擬。 
suggestion,  order,  request,  demand,  importance,  proposal. 
He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party. 
I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon.
● It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that +主語+ should + v. 
It is strange that you should say such a thing. 
It was important that you should tell me all the information.
● wish后的賓語從句中，as if 后的狀語從句中，須用下列的虛擬形式：
主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were（指現(xiàn)在）
haddone（指過去）
would+ v.（指將來） 
Iwishthat I met my uncle now. 
IwishI had met my uncle yesterday. 
IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow.
● It is (high) time that ... + did / were ... 
It is time that you went to bed.
● would rather that ... + did / were ... 
I would rather that you were not here now.
 
測試精編
I. 選擇正確選項：
1. I ________ he had taught me the word, but he didn't. 
A. believe       B. hope      C. wish       D. think
2. The man in charge recommends that this matter ________ at the meeting. 
A. would be discussed   B. will be discussed  C. be discussed    D. may be discussed 
3. It is raining now, otherwise we ________ go out play. 
A. could        B. can        C. may       D. will 
4. ________ he come late, give him the message. 
A. Had         B. Should       C. Would       D. Did 
5. Hadn't my car broke down, I ________ the train. 
A. would have caught       B. might catch       C. could catch       D. would catch 
6. I would have helped him if I had time, but I ________. 
A. haven't         B. had         C. didn't        D. wouldn't 
7. The dam was built in time to protect the inhabitants from the flood; ________. 
A. otherwise the damage would be beyond measure. 
B. the damage, otherwise, should be very great. 
C. the damage could have been very serious otherwise. 
D. the damage caused, therefore, many of them homeless. 
8. Don't act as if you ________ the only pebble on the beach. 
A. are        B. were        C. have been       D. would be
第四章 搞定非謂語動詞
一．不定式
1．定義：具有名詞、形容詞及副詞性質(zhì)并具有時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化。
2．形式：（以do為例）
主動語態(tài)                 被動語態(tài)
一般時            to do                     to be done
進(jìn)行時            to be doing 
完成時            to have done               to have been done 
完成進(jìn)行時        to have been doing 
3．用法： 
（1）用作主語： 
To speak good English is not easy. 
or: It is not easy to speak good English. 
（采用形式主語 it 以避免頭重腳輕）
It took me an hour to do the work. 
（2）用作賓語：
She decided to take the examination. 
I hope to meet him soon. 
（3）賓語補足語：
They expected us to help them. 
Hewants his son to study hard. 
金牌重點： 
不定式作賓補，如謂語動詞是感官動詞，使役性動詞（see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, let...），則不定式符號“to”須省略，但在被動語態(tài)中不能省。 
I heard them sing in the classroom. 
I made her clean the room. 
The girl is heard to sing an English song. 
（4）用作表語：To teach is to learn. 
His job is to sell cars. 
（5）用作狀語，表示目的，結(jié)果。 
We come to school to study English.（目的）
           = in order to 
I hurried to the store, only to find it closed.（結(jié)果） 
（6）定語：不定式短語作定語須位于名詞之后。
He asked for a piece of paper to write it on. 
= to write it on the piece of paper. 
The poor man has no house to live in. 
= to live in the house. 
Have you anything to do? 
= to do anything 
4．不定式的時態(tài)意義：
She seems to dance very well.（現(xiàn)在情況）
She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在進(jìn)行） 
She seems to have danced well.（過去情況） 
Has was happy to have been staying with his uncle.（動作持續(xù)一段時間） 
5．不定式語態(tài)：
The doctor recommended him to air the room. 
The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 
She expects the police to find her bicycle. 
She expects her bicycle to be found by the police. 
She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question.
She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question. 
6．不定式否定形式：not to do ... 
He got up early in order not to miss the train. 
測試精編
1. Did you find out ________ the pie out of oven? 
A. to take      B. have taken       C. when to take        D. being taken 
2. You would be irritated if you watched the mail ________ on your desk every day. 
A. putting up   B. to be put up      C. to pile up           D. pile up 
3. We shall set Jim ________ the passage. 
A. explaining   B. explained        C. to explain          D. explain 
4. In fact, she would rather leave for San Francisco ________ in Los Angeles. 
A. tostay      B. than stay         C. than staying        D. than have stayed 
5. Madame Curies is believed ________ the radium. 
A. discovering   B. having discovered   C. to have discovered   D. to discover
二．動名詞：
1．動名詞定義：具有名詞性質(zhì)，可在句中擔(dān)任主語，賓語表語，定語，具有所有格作修飾語。 
2．形式：以do為例
doing → being done 
having done → having been done 
3．用法： 
（1）主語：
Saving is easier than doing. 
His coming here will be a great help. 
It is no use waiting here, he has left. 
It is no goodsmoking. 
There is no getting along with him.（簡直無法和他相處）
……以上例句皆必須要背誦！…… 
（2）表語：His job is keeping the hall clean as possible. 
Seeing is believing. 
（3）賓語：
a. 動詞賓語：He admitted taking the book. 
I do mind your smoking here. 
重磅要點，請讀20 遍：下列動詞須跟動名詞作賓語： 
admit,  appreciate,  avoid,  complete,  delay,  deny,  enjoy,  fancy,  finish,  mind,  practice,  resent,  risk,  suggest,  allow,  permit... 
特注：以allow為例：allow + doing sth（動名詞作賓語）。但可以：Allow sb to do sth（不定式作賓補）。
這類動詞常見如 advise, allow, permit, recommend, etc. 
b. 作介詞賓語：
He left without saying goodbye to us. 
I'm looking forwardto meeting you.（to 在這里是介詞）
（4）定語：
reading room     swimming pool     walking stick 
4．動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：由名詞所有格或物主代詞與動名詞構(gòu)成。
His leaving is a great loss. 
Mother dislikes my (me) working late. 
John's having seen her did not make her worried. 
注：動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)多作主語或賓語，作主語是必須是所有格。如上二例，但作賓語時可以用所有格，也可用普通格。（解釋得很拗口，請將例句看透即可?。?/div>
5．動名詞時態(tài)：
I am thinking of setting a new dictionary.（以后） 
He never talked to me about his having been in Paris.（以前） 
6．動名詞語態(tài)：
He doesn't like being flattered. 
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team. 
7．動名詞與不定式在用法上的幾點比較：
（1）在 begin，start，continue 等詞后用動名詞或不定式區(qū)別不大。 
He began writing / to write in 1980. 
（2）下列動詞跟不定式或動名詞所表示意義差別很大，注意使用。（用心咀嚼！）
He stopped talking. 停止講話。 
He stopped to talk. 停下來開始講話。
Please remember to post the letter. 記住寄走這封信。
I remember posting the letter. 我記得寄出了這封信。
I forgot to lock the door yesterday. 昨天我忘記鎖門了。（未鎖）
I forgot telling him the news. 我忘了我曾告訴過他這個消息。（做過的事情忘記了）
測試精編
1.The workers favor ________ funds to build the bridge. 
A. to raise      B. raising      C. raised      D. rising 
2. No one can avoid ________ by one's surroundings. 
A. to be influenced                     B. having influenced  
C. influencing                         D. being influenced 
3. She doesn't feel like ________ tonight. 
A. dancing     B. to dance     C. dance     D. to be dancing 
4. Does Mr Wang object to ________ her the money? 
A. that we lend       B. be lent       C. lending      D. lend 
5. I can still recall ________ with him many years ago. 
A. to stay     B. to staying     C. to have stayed     D. having stayed
三．分詞
1．分詞的性質(zhì)：
具有形容詞性質(zhì)，可以在句中擔(dān)任表語、定語、賓補、狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，且動作在進(jìn)行：過去分詞表示被動，或動作已完成。
2．分詞的形式：
例：             write (vt)                           rise (vi) 
主動語態(tài)        被動語態(tài)           主動         過去分詞
時態(tài)
現(xiàn)在時        writing          being written         rising        risen  /  
完成時        having written    having been written    having risen    /  
3．分詞的用法：
（1）定語    分詞置于被修飾名詞前
分詞短語于置于被修飾名詞后 
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping 
a running dog = a dog which is running 
a broken glass = a glass which is broken 
a beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打敗的意思）
This is the problem discussed at the last meeting. 
The problem being discussed is very important. 
（2）表語：The book is interesting. 
He is interested in the book. 
The news is exciting. 
He feels excited. 
（3）賓語補足語：
When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me. 
I'd like to havethis package weighed. 
掌握精髓：動詞不定式作賓語表示動作的全過程，而現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表示動作正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞表示被動概念。
（4）狀語：（以下例句值得一背?。?/div>
① If you turn to the left, you'll find the station. 
→ Turning to the left, you'll find the station. 
② As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone. 
→ Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone. 
③ While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend. 
→ Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend. 
④ When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker. 
→ Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.
你知道嗎？注意：在運用此類句型時主語前后要保持一致。
① Whenschool was over, the boys went home. 
→ Being over, the boys went home. × 
School being over, the boys went home. √ 
② As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do. 
→ My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do. 
③ Ifweather permits, I'll start tomorrow. 
→ Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow. 
④ I fwe judge from his face, he must be ill. 
→ Judging from his face, he must be ill.（這里應(yīng)該是 we judging ...，但若主語是we, one, you表示“一般人”，主語可省略）
實際上，這里涉及到獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)問題，以后在作分解！ 
4．分詞的時態(tài)： 
現(xiàn)在分詞一般時表示此動作與主句謂語動詞同時發(fā)生。 
現(xiàn)在分詞完成時表示此動作在主句謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。
Entering the room, hesaw he. （幾乎同時） 
Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. （分詞動作在前） 
5．語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞一般時被動表動作正在被進(jìn)行，完成時被動強調(diào)分詞所表示的動作先被完成。
The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us. 
Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.（漁民先被告知而后駛向港口） 
測試精編
Exercises: 
1. The ________ news made them ________. 
A. excite / exciting          B. exciting / excited 
C. exciting / to be excited     D. excited / excited 
2. ________ an answer from the committee, he was worried. 
A. Having not got           B. Getting not 
C. Not having got           D. Having not been got 
3. ________, all the quarrels came to an end. 
A. The lost money was found           B. Was the lost money found 
C. Because the lost money found        D. With the lost money found 
4. Many of our dreams ________ impossible in the past have come true. 
A. were considered          B. to be considered 
C. considering              D. considered 
5. The hall was so noisy for the speaker to make himself ________. 
A. hear       B. being heard       C. hearing       D. heard 
6. After a whole day's heavy work, the old worker returned home, ________. 
A. hungry and exhausted        B. hungry and exhausting 
C. hungry and being exhausted   D. hungry and exhaust
第五章 搞定倒裝
INVERSION
根據(jù)語法要求，把謂語動詞置于主語前，稱為完全倒裝，把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語前，稱為部分倒裝。
1．副詞如：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away, etc. 句子倒裝。（完全倒裝，但主語不能是代詞）
Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor. 
In came Miss Green.
（特別注意：當(dāng)主語是人稱代詞時不倒裝。） 
Away she went!（她走了！）
Here you are!（你在這兒?。?/div>
2．only + 副詞（介詞短語）位于句首，句子要倒裝。
Only then did he realize that he was mistaken. 
Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything. 
3．well, so, often, such, few, little 放于句首，句子形成倒裝。
So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun. 
Well did I know him and well did he know me. 
4．否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時，句子須倒裝。此類詞有： neither，nor，hardly，scarcely， rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere等。
e.g. — Jack could not swim. 
— Neither could Tom. 
Never have I seen such a good movie. 
5．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，須倒裝。（準(zhǔn)確地說，是將需要強調(diào)的詞提到as的前面。）
Rich as he is, he spends a cent on charity. 
Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully. 
6．在表示祝愿的句子中。
May you make greater progress! （愿你取得更大進(jìn)步！）
7．在虛擬條件句中，連詞if省略時，句型要倒裝，即將were, had, should等詞提到句首。
Were I you, I would go abroad to take advanced study. 
我要是你，就出國進(jìn)修了。 
Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to settle the problem. 
他要是明天來的話，他會幫我們解決這個問題的。
測試精編
I．選擇正確選項：
1. ________ received law degrees as today. 
A. Never so many women have 
B. Never have so many women 
C. The women aren't ever 
D. Women who have never 
2. ________ the Bob's belongings that he carried them in a bundle slung over his shoulders. 
A. Were so few             B. Few were so 
C. So few were             D. They were so few 
3. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother ________ to swim. 
A. how will it learn          B. will it learn how 
C. it will learn how          D. and it learns how 
4. Not only ________ a promise, but he also kept it. 
A. did he made             B. he made 
C. did he make             D. he makes 
5. Nowhere in the world ________ . 
A. travelers can buy so much beauty for so little as in Hawaii. 
B. no one can buy so much beauty for so little money as Hawaii. 
C. so much beauty can be bought for so little money in Hawaii. 
D. can travelers buy so much beauty for so little money as in Hawaii. 
6. No sooner ________ gone home than it began to rain heavily. 
A. had I      B. have I      C. I had      D. I have
7. Not for a moment ________ the truth of your story. 
A. he has doubted           B. he doubts 
C. did he doubt             D. he did doubt 
8. ________ succeed in doing anything. 
A. Only by working hard we can B. By only working hard we can C. Only by working hard can we D. Only we can work hard
第(一)章
現(xiàn)在完成時：
單選 1. C    2. C    3. C    4. C    5. B 
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時： 
1. B    2. A    3. C    4. B    5. D 
1. have been watching           2. have been writing 
3. have written                 4. has left 5. have been looking 
過去完成時： 
1. B    2. A    3. D    4. C    5. C 
過去完成進(jìn)行時： 
1. C    2. B    3. A    4. B    5. D 
將來進(jìn)行時。（12）過去將來進(jìn)行時 
1. B    2. C    3. C    4. B    5. C
第二章
1. B   2. B   3. B   4. C   5.D   6.A   7. C   8.A   9. C
第三章
1. C   2. C   3.A   4. B   5.A   6. C   7. C  8. B
第四章 非謂語動詞 
（一）1. C    2. D    3. C    4. B    5. C 
（二）1. B    2. D    3. A    4. C    5. D 
（三）1. B    2. C    3. D    4. D    5. D    6. A
第五章 倒裝
1. B   2. C    3. B   4. C    5. D    6.A    7.C    8. C  
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